Post Modern Dance Essay Example for Free

Post Modern Dance Essay Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â By the late 1950s, post-present day move had refined its styles and its hypotheses, and had risen as an unmistakable move sort. It utilized adapted developments and vitality levels in intelligible structures (subject and varieties, ABA, etc) to involve feelings, tones and social transport. The movement was buttressed by expressive characters of theater, for example, music, props, unique lighting and outfits. The goals of post-present day move, against scholastic from the first, were at the same time primitivist and modernist[1]. In the mean time, the new wave move, which had apparently supplanted the post-futuristic period had given attributes like the post-current move through message suggestions, yet in addition performs changed character through introductions themselves. The subject for the conversation includes the Twyla Tharp as the new wave move and the post-futuristic move. Twyla Tharp Choreography: Post-current Era 1960-1973  â â â â â â â â â â Twyla Tharp started her vocation in 1965, at the time of about 23, with Tank Dive, a work in three developments, arranged for her and four non-artists. It was performed incompletely to the backup of Petula Clark’s recording of â€Å"downtown†[2]. In the move world, maybe just Twyla Tharp could have fitted such a definition at that point, yet her work was not generally considered post-present day dance[3]. Twyla Tharp’s early movement investigated a significant number of the equivalent trial gives that intrigued the Judson choreographers, the Grand Union, and Meredith Monk[4]. A few of Tharp’s moves, starting with Tank Dive (1963), differentiated move and passerby development vocabularies and blended prepared and undeveloped entertainers. Tharp could transpose development starting with one setting then onto the next in view of her different syntactic techniques. Regardless of whether the development was person on foot or showy in starting point, Tharp controls it utilizing basic scientific conditions or standards dependent on topic and variation[5]. Twyla Tharp had extraordinarily contributed in the field of post-present day move. Before the finish of 1973, she hit her most prominent achievement in the field of post-present day move. The water-shed in her profession was Deuce Coupe (1973), which Robert Joffrey charged for his expressive dance company[6].â During this year, another age of move pattern was conceived and Tharp’s commitment to the post-current move had extraordinarily given certain commitments to the New Wave present day move of 1973. New Wave Modern Dance: 1973  â â â â â â â â â â Meanwhile, the following ages of more youthful choreographers of 1973, for example, Peter Gordon of Life Orchestra of 1977, Karole Armitage, Rhys Chatham, and numerous others had started the definition of new wave moves. On the off chance that Twyla Tharp acted peacefully at the Judson Church in 1966, had separated from the expository postmodern line of request since her movement was so musically slanted, by the mid 1980s, when the explanatory choreographers â€Å"rediscovered† music and its different uses, such intrigue realigned the fields of move steps and movement. The following bearers of move patterns had separated themselves from their moderate, investigative, hostile to music progenitors such that fit with the general social pattern; to a limited extent to draw in with their own masterful peers in different fields. For the late seventies and mid eighties, the more youthful ages of new music writers were regularly crossover manifestations that attempts pop understanding and characteristics[7]. Present day move today is a virtual aggregation of the considerable number of impacts referenced in the past development of move steps. The majority of points of view has not hosed banter nor the strain that has kept on creating development in present day structures. The essential thought of move in Tharp’s idea of post-advanced move has put stays in the development of movement obviously through intuitive pairings[8]. One case of futuristic advancement happened in 1973 wherein the Alvin Ailey organization restored Ted Shawn’s Kinetic Molpai and combined the convention of white gay men with that if African American men. The accomplishment and impact of choreographers, for example, Trisha Brown and Twyla Tharp incredibly upset the attributes of the new wave move or the cutting edge move of 1970s[9]. Attributes of New Wave Dance  â â â â â â â â â â During the pattern of the late move choreographers including Twyla Tharp, move steps principally mean expressive dance structure. The term present day move or new wave move means nonappearance to little nearness of consistency and equivalent advances. The most striking highlights of its improvement were that of a decent variety of structures. New wave move alludes to execution craftsmanship move that isn't established on the expressive dance nor in the different types of mainstream move amusement, despite the fact that, connections may in any case be followed since the premise of these cutting edge steps were these traditional or post-advanced choreographies[10]. Present day move mainly points the statement of an internal impulse; however it has likewise observed the need for fundamental structures for this articulation, and in fact has understood the stylish estimation of structure all by itself as an aide to this expression[11]. New wave move had generally expanded elements and examples of steps, which energizes opportunity of development through articulation, feelings, or inventive impulse of the dancer[12].  From this longing to externalize individual, valid experience, it is clear that the plan of current moving is all toward independence and away from standardization[13]. Twyla Tharp’s Involvement in Modern Dance  â â â â â â â â â â The following wave moves were enormously impacted Tharp whose work has grasped the two sides of every one of these pairings and demonstrated a move toward a worry with the dance’s perceptual impacts. Portrayal and deliberation, feeling and movement, substance and structure, and mind and condition are the prime similitudes of ballet production step definition of Tharp and the sythesis of next wave moves. Be that as it may, the separations of these moves are the normalization and exacting elegance of post-current move of Tharp, while next wave moves essentially flourished free expressions[14]. Book index Julia L. Foulkes , â€Å"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Ailey†, UNC Press (2002)183 Martha Bremser, â€Å"Fifty Contemporary Choreographers†, Routledge (1999) 217 Michael Huxley and Noel Witts, â€Å"The Twentieth Century Performance Reader†, Routledge (2002) 38 Press (1994) 321 Randy Martin, â€Å"Performance As Political Act: The Embodied Self†, Praeger/Greenwood (2000) 91 Sally Banes , â€Å"Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism â€Å",Wesleyan University Susan Leigh Foster, â€Å"Reading Dancing: Bodies and Subjects in Contemporary American†, University of California Press (1998) 209 [1] Michael Huxley and Noel Witts, â€Å"The Twentieth Century Performance Reader†, Routledge (2002) 38 [2] Martha Bremser, â€Å"Fifty Contemporary Choreographers†, Routledge (1999) 217 [3] Huxley and Witts, 38 [4] Susan Leigh Foster, â€Å"Reading Dancing: Bodies and Subjects in Contemporary American†, University of California Press (1998) 209 [5] Foster, 209. [6] Bremser, 217 [7] Sally Banes , â€Å"Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism â€Å",Wesleyan University Press (1994) 321 [8] Foster, 209; Bremser, 217 [9] Julia L. Foulkes , â€Å"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Ailey†, UNC Press (2002)183 [10] Helen Thomas, â€Å"Dance, Modernity and Culture: Explorations in the Sociology of Dance†, Routledge (1995) 24 [11] Huxley and Witts, 38; Foulkes, 22 [12] Bremser, 217; Banes, 321 [13] Huxley and Witts, 38; Foulkes, 297, 300 [14] Randy Martin, â€Å"Performance As Political Act: The Embodied Self†, Praeger/Greenwood (2000) 91

Wooden Post Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wooden Post Ltd - Essay Example Investigation of the instance of ELITE HOTELS GROUP plc was done and the perceptions are shown in the standards for making a decision about the ampleness of the arrangement. A dream of the WOODPOST LTD after union is additionally imagined and introduced toward the end. The paper closes with an end as likewise showing the learning result. On vital investigation of the market of WOOD POST LTD, the accompanying three choices are offered as practical long haul procedures by a business consultancy firm of universal notoriety, to beat the log jam of the business because of ongoing development in United Kingdom showcase. For speculation purposes, the 'life' of the undertaking is thought to be 10 years. All the incomes are communicated in 'genuine' terms (that is, after stipend for swelling). Taking into account the generally dangerous nature of the venture, the Finance Director of WOODEN POST attested that the 'ordinary' obstacle pace of 8% 'genuine' ought to be expanded to 10%. Be that as it may, this has created some discussion among individuals from the supervisory crew some of whom thought about that the successful expense of capital was zero since existing money assets will be utilized. Very separated from every one of these elements, further examinations concerning the obtaining built up that money

22 Best Examples of Hobbies and Interests to Put on a Resume (5+ Tips)

22 Best Examples of Hobbies and Interests to Put on a Resume (5+ Tips) You’ve climbed Mount Everest, volunteer at the dog shelter on the weekends and have a mint condition comic book collection, the question is: do you let an employer know? Or more importantly, does the employer care?Many employers are for including a hobby or two on your resume, reasons being to show the personal side of a candidate and to use it as a conversation topic in an interview.Hobbies and interests can give your resume a personality the employer can relate to, a feeling on who you may be.That said, when writing a resume that will land an interview, would someone looking at it be impressed by what your hobbies or interests are? Is it relevant in any way to the position you’re applying for?If the answer is no, then you might be better leaving this section off.Sorry to break it guys, no recruiter is going to hire you over someone else because you like travel or fishing.This isn’t a Facebook profile; your resume is a document that tells the employer why you’re a good match for the Job. WHY SHOULD YOU INCLUDE HOBBIES INTERESTS IN YOUR RESUME?Employers spend approximately 3 minutes and 14 seconds looking at your resume, with 1 out of every 5 recruiters making up their mind about you in 60 seconds.Your resume should, therefore, give the employer a concrete description of who you are and express your capabilities in under 3 ½ minutes.A two year longitudinal study of 120 hiring managers conducted by North Western University’s Kellogg School of Management Studies, showed that approximately 51.2% of employers selected suitable candidates based on their hobbies and interests.An article by The Guardian could not describe it better that personal interests and hobbies are used to demonstrate how fit you are for the advertised position.For these and many other reasons we’ll see below, it is essential to carefully analyze the hobbies you need to include in your resume.Of course this depends on the job opportunity you are applying for.Each hobby you add is a window into your character, and you should be sure that it directs light towards desired attributes.In this article we’ll discuss how you how you can craft your resume to stand out among hundreds, probably thousands of resumes sent for each job vacancy.WHAT DO EMPLOYERS LOOK FOR?When deciding what to include as your hobbies, it is imperative to understand what your employers are looking for.According to an article published by Forbes, the Job Outlook 2012 report, National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), cited the following as the most important skills employers look out for every time they receive a resume from a prospective employee.Ability to be a Team PlayerPotential employers want an assurance that you can work with other employees, share, and listen to their ideas, especially when handling group projects.Being a team player also means that you should be willing to put the company’s and other people’s interests ahead of your own without expecting favors in r eturn.Ability to Communicate Both Inside and Outside the OrganizationEmployers want an effective communicator that can deliver concrete messages clearly, and also motivate and convince colleagues, juniors, and seniors in the workplace.Excellent communication skills are also vital when talking to clients, and convincing them to approach the company for business.Decision Making and Problem Solving SkillsEventually, problems arise, and your reaction to each challenge could save or ruin the company.Effective and efficient solutions are necessary during a crisis to prevent and also mitigate damage.Making right decisions in the absence of supervision exhibits leadership skills and is a door to promotions and rewards.Ability to Obtain Information and Process ItAs a new employee, you are required to quickly integrate into the company system, with as little guidance as possible to avoid being a liability.It is your responsibility to gather information if it is not handed to you, and use it t o find your way, or produce constant output.Ability to Plan WellDepending on the rank of employment you are applying for, a secretary may not be provided. This means that the responsibility to file your work, organize it, and prioritize it based on size and dates due.Without an efficient planning system or culture in place, it is easy to fall behind on all deadlines and lose trust from your seniors.Ability to Actively Hone Your SkillsThe ability to identify talent and hone it into something great is a plus because it portrays your ability to develop skills and efficiency during employment.In the long run, you can become a valuable asset to the company.PassionHaving a hobby, particularly one that motivates endurance, and also requires dedication shows passion.Employers are looking for employees that are passionate about their jobs, to create value within them, and ensure that they can depend on them to keep pushing without supervision.Well RoundedBy including hobbies in your resume, you demonstrate that there is more to you than just work. This is important as it presents you as an all rounded individual.Maintaining a work-life balance shows your ability to juggle different aspects in life, and also shows that you value resting periods to keep you competitive and productive at work.WHAT HOBBIES INTERESTS SHOULD YOU INCLUDE IN YOUR RESUME?Your resume should be tailor-made to fit every job you are applying for. Instead of copying previous resumes, consider the job qualification expected, and include hobbies that display skills and personalities the employers may be looking for.For example, Google is known to hire open and playful employees because, besides their educational qualifications, they would like to hire people that integrate into their culture. However, according to the undercover recruiter, 50% of recruiters reject resumes due to clichés.This means that your hobbies and interests should reflect the skills employers are looking for, without seeming ob vious and boring.According to the Business Insider, the following are hobbies and interests worth considering each of them is suitable for different job postings.YogaPracticing yoga demonstrates an ability to remain calm and maintain control in all situations. It also shows a mastery of self and a deeper understanding of a person’s emotions.Jobs such as PR (Public Relations Management) and advertising require control of emotions due to many inter-human interactions.Work that also involves service delivery in hotels requires a mastery of emotions to avoid frustrating clients.For example, a manager in a restaurant has to remain calm when addressing rude customers. If your job involves high human interactions, yoga is an excellent addition to your list.Strategic GamesAn interest in games like chess demonstrates that you enjoy thinking strategically.This type of strength is desirable for positions where policy development and strategy formulation are key.Video ProductionAdding skills such as video production demonstrates your abilities and familiarity with equipment used during video production, journalism, and broadcasting.Video production may also come in handy when applying for job opportunities in newspaper and magazine production companies since you show a broader understanding of activities within the journalism industry.Extreme Sport Participating in extreme sports such as skydiving, or racing mountain bikes shows that you have an adventurous spirit, and also dare to take on the unknown.These traits are essential for employees hoping to take up leadership positions because they are willing to go beyond expectations and face their challenges head-on.BloggingBloggers are free thinkers, expressive, and good communicators. An excellent blog is a great addition to your list of hobbies and interest when applying for marketing, and writing opportunities. However, blogging also goes beyond necessary writing skills.The ability to share positive thoughts through we ll-structured language, and stand up to ridicule is also a leadership quality.If your blog contributes to providing information into the industry in which the job lies, include it in your list for the employers to see your understanding of the job required.Musical TalentsPlaying musical instruments, and performing as a singer requires attention to tones, and patience when learning.Good music requires discipline and dedication, and if you are qualified to list musical skills in your resume, they may draw the attention of potential employers.Musical talents go beyond the performance industry. For example, performing before a crowd without stuttering or choking shows confidence.VolunteeringIf you enjoy volunteering towards charitable work and helping out others, include it in your resume. Volunteering to help others exhibits self-drive, and also shows the compassionate side of you.It also demonstrates an ability to initiate action without supervision and not expecting special rewards i n the end.An employer will be interested in a volunteer if he/she feels that he or she places the company’s needs before personal gain.Some voluntary activities also offer opportunities to learn essential business skills and technical skills that may give you an advantage over other applicants.PhotographyExcellent photographers have an eye for details, excellent photo opportunities and also pay attention to details.The art of holding the camera, allowing enough exposure and producing breathtaking images is a skill learned over time.Including photography in your list of hobbies and interests shows that you are keen, observant and also patient.Apart from being a useful addition when applying for a job in journalism and video production, photography is helpful in any other fields that require a keen and sharp eye.GardeningAccording to statistics from the Pew Research Center,  5% of Americans participate in hobbies related to the environment such as outdoor and naturalist activities a nd gardening.Practicing gardening shows that you are conversant with plants, and nature, and are willing to participate in events geared towards environmental conservation and sustainability.If you are applying for jobs that call for environmental preservation, gardening is an excellent addition.Captain of a Team SportLeadership goes beyond offices and is also demonstrated in the field during sports. Being a team captain in high-adrenaline environments shows that you are calm, decisive, intuitive, and even understanding.When applying for leadership roles, including other leadership positions you hold in sports may go a long way in improving your chances of landing an interview.Captains are not only leaders, but they are also team players and are also capable of coming up with effective and efficient solutions in case of an emergency.Tech HobbiesAccording to an article by the Oxford Royale Academy, hobbies such as programming and coding, or practicing digital marketing through Google Analytics data, are a great addition to jobs that require technical expertise.On the other hand, tech hobbies are introverted and are therefore an advantage in jobs that require introverts.Puzzles and ChessIf you are applying for a job that requires analytical and critical thinking, then filling in crossword puzzles and playing chess are great ways of boosting your brain’ s capacity.Games such as chess improve intelligent strategizing and are therefore useful for jobs that require such skills. The games are also introverted and are great for employers looking to employee critical thinkers who appreciate their space.ArtDrawing and painting are excellent additions when applying for jobs that require artistic creativity.For example, if you are a graphic designer, apart from mastering graphic design programs, you need a natural artistic skill to generate ideas for clients, and organize images to create impressive layouts.TravelingExploring different places, and having an ability to a ppreciate different cultures is easily demonstrated through traveling.Travelling also gives you exposure and tips for surviving and enjoying different states across the globe.If you are applying for a travel agent job, you have a higher chance of being employed if you are conversant with traveling regulations, and have tips that you can offer to clients.CookingA survey conducted by Cint on the distribution of Hobbies and Interests among people in France in 2016 -2017 showed that 9.67% of the respondents took up cooking as a hobby.Specific jobs may give you an advantage if you enjoy cooking.For example, chefs, and cook-TV show hosts should enjoy being around the kitchen and trying new recipes. If your job description falls in line with cooking skills, you can include cooking, and give specific details to get an advantage.GamingSome companies, mainly IT-based companies use gaming as a team-building activity.When applying for IT industry jobs, including gaming, especially multi-player gaming may come in handy.High Risk PursuitsActivities such as skydiving show that you are happy to push boundaries and take risks. These strengths are desirable for people going into product leadership roles.Fantasy FootballWhile gambling is often dismissed as a vice, it may be useful when done for pleasure.Some businesses such as banking and venture capitalism require skills in gambling, and would, therefore, present significant opportunities for smart gamblers.Stamp CollectingThough old, and perhaps harder right now, stamp collecting is an excellent addition for people interested in antiques and history.It also displays a natural effort to preserve history for future generations to see. For example, if you are applying for a museum guide position, including stamp collecting in your list of hobbies is a big plus!Bird WatchingPositions such as wildlife conservation manager require individuals that are naturally enthusiastic about animal behavior and preservation of their natural hab itats.Bird watchers enjoy the silent outdoors and are very patient.Research shows that participants with science related hobbies, such as bird watching, are active science news consumers and are likely to participate in science related-activities (42%).Clubs/ OrganizationsYou could also include any clubs or associations you are active in.For example, the Rotary, The Red Cross Community, a golf club or a book club.Participating in club activities shows that you have top notch human interaction skills, and are also a team player.ReadingIf you choose to include reading in your list of hobbies, remember to keep it detailed because many people can read. Explain what you enjoy reading to give the employers an opportunity to question you about it.What Hobbies and Interests should I Include in my resume? TIPS TO REMEMBER WHEN INCLUDING A HOBBY INTERESTS LISTBe honestWhile it is essential to have an impressive resume, lying about your skills and interests could give your employer the wrong impression.You may be asked to perform tasks you do not understand based on everything you listed as a hobby.Avoid embarrassing yourself, or become untrustworthy by not lying on your resume.Pick hobbies that have relevant skillsIt is possible to enjoy doing over ten things, but not have them on your resume. Your hobbies and interests should demonstrate skills that are essential in your job.For example, an IT expert should include tech hobbies, rather than showcasing how good of a cook they are! Avoid political and religious inclinationsRemember that your employer may not agree with your political and religious beliefs. Your hobbies should be free from any political or religious bias that could irk, or insult your potential employer.Provide detailsInstead of saying that you simply enjoy traveling, give a summary of some of the places you have traveled to.If you enjoy blogging, mention some of the topics you enjoy writing about, any websites you may have and awards you may have receiv ed during your writing journey.Keep the List Short but adequateRemember that the Hobbies and Interests section is an addition.Do not make it the main subject of your resume, and end up boring the employer.Research the Company to Understand Their Work CultureRemember that each hobby you include should be a stepping stone towards integrating with the company culture.For Example, hobbies that require social interactions should not be used in introverted companies.An article published by the CNBC revealed a study conducted by Top Resume among 379 recruiters to find the biggest resume deal breakers you should avoid.WHERE SHOULD YOU PLACE YOUR HOBBIES AND INTERESTS?As stated earlier, all hobbies are an addition to the initial qualifications every employer advertises. Therefore, they should be placed last.However, remember to keep the list as interesting as possible.Sometimes, a good list of hobbies may be the key to getting your dream Job.BOTTOM LINEIncluding your hobbies and interests in your resume will help potential employers relate to you, and also evaluate your character before the actual job interview.The list also creates an opportunity for a conversation during the interview and gives you an advantage over other applicants.By providing a list of interests, employers can also integrate you into company activities such as sports activities, and improve recognition among your colleagues.Ensure that all the hobbies you include are relevant to your job to increase your chances of getting employed.Also, keep your list honest, detailed and as brief as possible for the employers to read through quickly.

Bitzer Rhetorical Situation Analysis - 1880 Words

Josh Reynolds Dr. Esch English 111-07 October 8th, 2017 Ruff Life In the Rhetorical Situation, Lloyd F. Bitzer argues that what makes a situation rhetorical is similar to that which constitutes a moral action as he writes that, â€Å"an act is moral because it is an act performed in a situation of a certain kind; similarly, a work is rhetorical because it is a response to a situation of a certain kind†. (3) â€Å"By defining the rhetorical situation in this way, Bitzer further contends that rhetoric is a means to altering reality†. (4) â€Å"It is through the use of discourse that one is capable of changing reality through thought and action†. (4) â€Å"While Bitzer notes that there are more parameters for a situation to qualify as being rhetorical, he†¦show more content†¦Charleston Animal Society is involved with non-profit organizations that are working to make our world a better place. Whether it is working with children, the elderly, hurting bodies, hurting souls, or the environment, non-profit volunteers, worker s, and organizations fight for justice, equality, and hope. In this case Charleston Animal Society works to fulfill its mission by caring for pet parents and pets, providing positive outcomes for at-risk animals, and serving all victims of animal cruelty. And just like any other important phenomenon, non-profiteering is a socially sustained reality. That is, it is made up of real-life people in real-life situations, working together to create and sustain an organization and hopefully working together to create positive change. Charleston Animal Society utilizes both its website and its television advertisements to encourage people to participate in the organization either by donating or adopting. Charleston Animal Society’s website’s organization, content, and layout work primarily to entice visitors to donate money. An examination of the webpage shows the site builders’ careful planning of the design elements. Visitors cannot avoid the large rectangle across the top of the page containing a slideshow of four different pictures. Each of the pictures, a close-up of a dog or cat that has been rescued by the organization, shows a pet with large and sad eyes, forcing the visitor to make eyeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Response to Bitzers Rhetorical Situation2241 Words   |  9 Pages In The Rhetorical Situation, Lloyd F. Bitzer argues that what makes a situation rhetorical is similar to that which constitutes a moral action as he writes that, â€Å"an act is moral because it is an act performed in a situation of a certain kind; similarly, a work is rhetorical because it is a response to a situation of a certain kind†.(3) By defining the rhetorical situa tion in this way, Bitzer further contends that rhetoric is a means to altering reality. 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The Civil War And The Emancipation Proclamation Essay

Life for was harsh and arduous following up towards gaining freedom and after becoming a liberated for many African Americans during the 19th century. But soon after the political,social,and economic effects of slaves getting their freedoms back many bills or propositions were made to oppose the reform movement. The context of the time period was pre-civil war and during the early 19th century where many large movements in religion, economy and social class were taking place and coming to fruition. It also took place afterwards of the civil wars and the emancipation proclamation. This was also the time period where many people in began to view slavery as an inhumane practice, a good chunk of the people who opposed slavery were usually in the northern part of the united states and were civil rights activists. The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway slaves within the territory of the United States. Enacted by Congress in 1793, the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. Widespread resistance to the 1793 law later led to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which added further provisions regarding runaways and levied even harsher punishments for interfering in their capture. The Fugitive Slave Acts were among the most controversial laws of the early 19th century, and many NorthernShow MoreRelatedThe Dred Scott And The Emancipation Proclamation And Civil War1280 Words   |  6 Pagescourts however, he eventually lost at the Supreme Court level. This case was one of the most controversial topics in history, with several arguments regarding each standpoint. The Dred Scott case was a strong indicatio n of the upcoming Emancipation Proclamation and Civil War. 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Why did he explicitly violate his ownRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address as an American Tipping Point850 Words   |  4 PagesEmancipation Proclamation as a Tipping Point Without slavery, the rebellion could never have existed. Without slavery, it could not continue† (Lincoln). The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 marked the most decisive points of the Civil War, and of American history as a whole. With the stroke of his pen, Lincoln expanded the powers of the president, redefined the Unions goals in the civil war, and fortified the Republicans moral base and prominence for years to come, while rekindling morale forRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By Mr. Harding1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation has two points of views from highly qualified professors if the Emancipation was to free the slaves or not. The first Professor is Mr. Allen C. Guelzo and the other professor is Vincent Harding. Mr. Allen proposed that Abraham used the Emancipation Proclamation to free the slaves. However, Mr. Harding used his research and insisted that no the Emancipation Proclamation was not to free the slaves. On the other hand, Mr. Allen makes some well-revised statements, but MrRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Civil War1030 Words   |  5 Pages When the American Civil War began, President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the issue concerning the preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. As an individual, Lincoln hated slavery, he knew that neither Northerners nor the residents of the border slave states would support abolition as a war aim. As a Republican, he wished to eliminate it from the territories as the first step to putting the institution â€Å"in the course of ultimate extinction.† But as president of the UnitedRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 PagesCosts The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties, including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. Union army dead, amounting to 15% of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: Notably, their mortality rateRead MoreAnalysis of the Emancipation Proclamation Speech1339 Words   |  6 Pages The Emancipation Proclamation speech was actually intended for most of the people that would free the slaves, not to the slaves. According to Rollyson the proclamation was not intended for the slave, blacks, or former slaves. The â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation† speech was during the Antislavery Movement or what some people call it the Abolitionist Movement, during the 1960s. The main leaders of the abolitionist movement were Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick Douglas. The point of Lincoln writing the speechRead MoreLincolns Emancipation of the Slaves Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Emancipation Proclamation speech was actually intended for most of the people that would free the slaves, not to the slaves. According to Carl Rollyson the Proclamation was not intended for the slave, blacks, or former slaves. The â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation† speech was during the Antislavery Movement or what some people call the Abolitionist Movement, during the 1860s. The main leaders of the abolitionist movement were Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick Douglas. The point of Lincoln writing theRead MoreThe Battle Of Antietam By Robert E. Lee1046 Words   |  5 Pagesenslaved people hinged on the outcome of the American Civil War. The Civil War was fought between the North (Union) and the south. The Battle of Antietam took place on September 17, 1862 near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and it was the bloodiest day in American history. Before the battle, the confederacy had a better chance of winning the war. Conflict arose between McClellan and Robert E. Lee which sparked the invasion of the north and the beginning of a long war. McPherson argued in his novel that the battleRead MoreThe Civil War : The Battle Of Antietam969 Words   |  4 Pages there was a war that hap pened that caused many people to die in the war, which was Civil War. The Civil War was a war that was fought between the Union and Confederate parts of United States. The Union was in the North, and the Confederates were in the South. There were many reasons why the battles were fought. During the Civil War, the president was Abraham Lincoln. There were many reasons why the war was fought, but the main reason was to keep the country together. Before the war, the North and

Case study digital storytelling Free Essays

During my 2nd arrangement, kids from twelvemonth 1/Reception category were analyzing traditional narratives as portion of their literacy course of study and had been reading a narrative together every twenty-four hours, so utilizing the texts they read as theoretical accounts for composing their ain narratives. The focal point for the hebdomad ‘s literacy lesson was the life of a fairy tale for their new subject work ‘at the films ‘ OBJ utilizing ICT to show their completed work efficaciously to the whole school during their ‘Oscars ‘ ceremonial. Constructing up to the life lesson kids had worked in groups utilizing a narrative stick to compose, assemble and sequence events of their fairytale OBJ on paper with TA support as a Scribe. We will write a custom essay sample on Case study digital storytelling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The narrative created so was transferred to a movie storyboard OBJ telling events in appropriate item within eight scenes. Working in groups the focal point of the larning aims switched to talking and listening, to take bends in speech production, relate their parts to what has gone on before, take different positions into history by proposing betterments and giving grounds for sentiments and actions suggested to add address to the narrative board, including appropriate modulation, choose words with preciseness, organise what they say whilst focal point on the chief point ( s ) and relevant item to take into history the demands of their hearers. In readying for the life actiivty, kids were encouraged to visualize the terminal merchandise of a movie and kids were encouraged to play with the digi blue cameras without support, in a elusive scene during taking clip, and they used Steve Bowkett grids to compose narratives whilst half the were being supported in compilation and doing char acters and props they needed for their scene. Earlier that forenoon I had set up three tabular arraies against the wall so the kids could trap up their background, use the tabular arraies and bluish tack for positioning their characters, and the camera blue tacked down so that the kids could non accidently strike hard the camera and do it to misalign. The digi blue camera so had the laptop connected to them and turned/logged on. Then in the focal point lesson, the lesson aim was introduced to the kids whilst on the rug, and I began by patterning the life procedure. Here I could see the kids were engaged by utilizing the IWB, which was non frequently used, they all turned to confront the board. I demonstrated how you take 30 frames to get down and stressed the vocabulary of frames and takes within the film procedure. Children responded and used I could see were seeking out the words. Here they helped me to number to 30 ( most were able to follow the form ) . Then I modeled how you move the character within the scene, taking 4 fra mes each clip, scribing on the whiteboard adjacent to the IWB the get downing 30 frames, takes 4 frames etc. for them to mention to when utilizing the computing machines. Here the kids were impatient, showing a deficiency of understanding that the procedure was slow, and I could see that they were still visualising it being kindred to a picture camera. Therefore, I continued to travel the character easy, ask foring the kids to come up and take bends to travel the character in between ‘takes ‘ . Here I saw some of the kids rapidly cottoned on to the procedure and could efficaciously mime what I had modeled. During this, I chose the autistic kid, to guarantee that he stayed engaged, as he does non normally sit for long periods on the rug. He competently participated and so remained focused for the remainder of the debut. To complete the starting motor, I so asked the kids what they think we would make next, here kids guessed that it would leap about, and the category discu ssed what life would look like. Children ‘s replies were constructive that it would be like a sketch. Once I had shown the category what the finished merchandise looked like I asked the kids to notice on what they had seen. One kid said it was jerked meat One kid said the character jumped One kid said the movie was excessively short One kid commented that you could see shadows and light altering. From this, I scribed on the IWB a list of things they had evaluated, and highlighted to the kids of those things to bear in head whilst they were finishing their undertaking. The category was so divided into their groups that had been composing the narrative, here utilizing a TA for each of two groups, and myself for one group. Facilitating the kids with the handling of the computing machine and to mentioning to their storyboard the kids used the storyboard to make the scenes they had sequenced and added action to the characters, inspiring them to their demands. Whilst working with the group, they took bends to run the laptop and travel the characters, during which was assessed by the grownup in their apprehension of the life procedure. I asked the kids, to propose betterments, and used inquiring of what happens following to ease their acquisition. During the lesson, the group started by demoing small understanding and motive, there was non adequate action to maintain concentration, and were fighting with the construct, traveling the characters without thought, and there were many custodies within shootings as they did n’t tie in the ‘snapshot ‘ would capture whatever was shown on the screen. However as they started to see the procedure and had seen their movie start to take form ( a reap praisal characteristic in the package I used to demo them their work so far ) . Then one response kid, fascinated by computing machines moved a character really specifically so I knew that he understood the procedure. The twelvemonth one kid nevertheless was distracted, concentrating in and out when there were undertakings to make. Upon finishing the life, I introduced the group separately to the voice narrative characteristic and here the kids held complete attending, discoursing whether to shout the lines they had prepared and how to state them. For the kid in my group with SALT intercession for speech hindrance, this allowed him to talk confidently as non in a group state of affairs and he responded good. Here the group showed consideration for timing, discoursing when the character should ‘kick ‘ ruddy equitation goon into the fire. Theoretical Ideas and Assumptions Underliing This Situation. In this lesson I attempted to take the kids ‘s larning off from a traditional literacy undertaking, and supply the kids with a new originative mercantile establishment, particularly for kids with weak authorship or originative accomplishments. The theories underlying this activity I have generalised as those associating to: staging, societal cognitive interaction and actuating scholars – through ICT and centripetal existent life experience. How the Theory of Scaffolding was Used in Planing Instructional staging is used in instruction to supply sufficient support to advance larning when a construct or accomplishment is foremost introduced, which, for immature kids, is a day-to-day demand as they learn many new constructs. In this undertaking two different types of Scaffolding Theory ( Bruner ) were used, difficult and soft. Soft staging was used through natural constructions that supported linguistic communication acquisition – narrative clip and independent reading of the faery narratives, supplying entree to literacy tools of traditional narrative construction, cardinal phrases, and vocabulary ( Daniels, 1994 ) . Beyond the initial linguistic communication acquisition difficult scaffold tools were planned for the kids to utilize to back up the kids through the undertakings whilst larning new constructs, but designed to be impermanent, removed by the kid when they were able to finish the undertaking themselves, distinguishing by result. When composing their narr ative utilizing the narrative sticks kids were so able to be originative and inventive with their narrative, altering the sequence/development of the narrative if required. They were encouraged to compose their ain sentences, but besides provided them with pre-printed traditional narrative linguistic communication they could utilize if fighting. Observations by the TAs showed that one kid, underconfident in literacy asked to compose a sentence composed within the group and grownups provided support required for the response kids, largely scribing with the exclusion of one kid who truly wanted to compose. This showed a big motivational difference in certain kids, and an enthusiasm stemming for the quality of the narrative developed with the scaffold support. When the kids were larning the new construct of life, the resources, the motivational undertaking and grownup aid were planned in progress to back up the kids in sing construct of life whilst still concentrating on the speech production and hearing, composing and ICT being assessed. Using life with 5 twelvemonth old kids epitomised the theory of scaffold, the planned support could ease a possible result superior to the work their independent attempts could accomplish. By really definition scaffold is to help building, which the undertaking provided. The films or narratives could hold been every bit completed through moving or marionettes, but the usage of ICT and characteristics such as narrative and particular effects supported kids e.g. less confident and a male child with speech troubles. Using the ICT put into topographic point a impermanent difficult scaffold model, non for the acquisition nonsubjective, but to help pupils with a hard undertaking ( Saye and Brush, 2002 ) and ent ree the undertaking in a novel and actuating manner. This ‘Technical staging ‘ is a newer attack in which computing machines replace the instructors as the experts or ushers, and kids can be guided ( Yelland and Masters, 2007 ) . The activity was designed so that grownup support could be removed if a kid secured an apprehension or could run on their ain ( depending on ability ) . Year one kids and one response kid showed that they were able to utilize the staging of ICT without any demand for grownup intercession, which so defined a degree of understanding and larning within the environment created that exceeded outlooks for kids so immature. This demonstrated success of utilizing scaffold theory, as it was designed to back up any kid of any age/maturity may non be able to joint or research larning independently, perfect for a disconnected twelvemonth group category. The ICT and grownup interaction in no manner changed the nature or trouble degree of the undertaking ; al ternatively, the scaffolds provided allow the pupil to successfully finish the undertaking, distinguishing by result. With increasing understanding and control, the kids the instructor ‘s degree and type of support changed over clip from directing, to suggestion, to encouragement, to observation, the grownup lending merely to prolong the undertaking ( Teale A ; Sulzby, 1986 ) . Within these scaffolding events, learning and acquisition, inseparable constituents, stress both the kid ‘s personal building of literacy and the grownup ‘s parts to the kid ‘s underdeveloped apprehensions of print. These supports are bit by bit removed as pupils develop independent acquisition schemes, therefore advancing their ain cognitive, affectional and psychomotor acquisition accomplishments and cognition. Blooms taxonomy Although ICT provided support scaffold, every bit as is its nature, ICT can hold confining effects, kids so immature needed aid in runing the equipment to get down, rapidly picking it up, but ICT adds an component of defeat and the custodies in the images, combined with kids picking up the construct of little motions slowed the effectivity of the scaffold, diffused by the grownup support. In Vygotsky ‘s words, â€Å" what the kid is able to make in coaction today he will be able to make independently tomorrow † ( Vygotsky, 1987, p.A 211 ) . Social and Cognitive Interaction. In add-on, Piaget, Dewey, societal interaction and equal theoretical accounts. The undertaking could non hold been scaffolded wholly nevertheless, as kids had to portion the scaffold in a group scenario, disputing speech production and listening accomplishments, chiefly due to resource and clip restraints. Although group work does, in consequence, supply mutual staging ( Holton and Thomas ) , for kids at the age of 5, I observed that the accomplishments required to work in the environment designed by the undertaking required important acquisition from the kids to collaboratively work together. In this state of affairs, the group can larn from each other ‘s experiences and cognition sharing the staging between each member, altering invariably as the group worked on the undertaking ( Holton and Clarke, 2006 ) . By utilizing the group dynamic and ensuing address, a critical tool to scaffold thought and responding, played a important function in the development of higher psychological procedures ( Luria, 1979 ) the kids had to flexible in sharing their though ts and decisicons had to be comprismised, and they had to show independent believing to convey thoughts to the groups work ( Bodrova A ; Leong, 1996 ) . Using a Vygotsky position, the talk and ensuing action of the group sociocultural cloth of the composing event was able to assist determine the kids ‘s building of consciousness of negociating and compromising towards the concluding merchandise and successful result ( Dorn, 1996 ) . The kids ‘s treatments ranged from whose bend or suggestions to utilizing accounts linked to their cognition of characteristics of traditional narratives. The adults function in the activity was to determine the kid ‘s acquisition by utilizing and accommodating linguistic communication and set vocabulary to conform to the groups understanding Clay ( 2005 ) Whilst measuring insouciant colloquial exchanges for cognitive development, linguistic communication acquisition, narrative composing for authorship, and reading comprehension. As th e kids are non at a secure composing ability, conversations within the societal interaction of the group finishing the undertaking was important in easing productive, constructive, experimental, and development of new thoughts ( Smagorinsky, 2007 ) . Linked to this, Bandura ‘s Social Learning Theory that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and patterning. By blending the ages of the groups between twelvemonth 1 ad response kids, they jointly observed each other ‘s behavior, attitudes, and results in footings of uninterrupted mutual interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. The positive acquisition environment, prosecuting activity and attractive result meant that the twelvemonth one modelled focal point and enagement with the undertaking, and their thoughts were all valued, with response kids responding to the same behavior and assurance edifice within the undertaking, theory related to Vygotsky ‘s Social Development Theory and Lave ‘s Situated Learning, which besides emphasize the importance of societal acquisition. Equally the undertaking was deisgned so that an grownup could utilize Vygotsky, pupils develop higher-level thought accomplishments when s caffolding occurs with an grownup expert or with a equal of higher capablenesss ( Stone, 1998 ) . Conversely, Piaget believes that pupils discard their thoughts when paired with an grownup or pupil of more expertness ( Piaget, 1928 ) . Alternatively, pupils should be paired with others who have different positions. Conflicts would so take topographic point between pupils leting them to believe constructively at a higher degree. By directing the undertaking focal point on the kids, the traditionally held a transmissionist or instructionist theoretical account in which a instructor or lector ‘transmits ‘ information to pupils, the activity used Vygotsky ‘s theory to promotes larning contexts in which pupils play an active function in larning. Functions of the instructor and pupil are hence shifted, as a instructor should join forces with his or her pupils in order to assist ease intending building in pupils. Traveling from the instructor offers degrees of verbal and non-verbal presentations and waies as the kid observes, mimics, or portions the composing undertaking. Learning hence becomes a mutual experience for the pupils and instructor. Once the kids were content to research their work themselves, the functions for the instructor meant that I stepped back from supplying a equal theoretical account, a function for kids to look to for congratulations or pursuit for the right reply, alternat ively, the undertaking became steeping for the group, with kids supplying their ain support construction and motive. The More Knowing Other ( MKO ) . The MKO refers to anyone who has a better apprehension or a higher ability degree than the scholar, with regard to a peculiar undertaking, procedure, or construct. The MKO is usually thought of as being a instructor, manager, or older grownup, but the MKO could besides be equals, a younger individual, or even computing machines. The Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) . The ZPD is the distance between a pupil ‘s ability to execute a undertaking under grownup counsel and/or with peer coaction and the pupil ‘s ability work outing the job independently. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, larning occurred in this zone. Whilst come oning their acquisition hold oning the construct and utilizing the ICT, the kids so operated within societal interaction and knowledge. Through joint activities, the instructor scaffolds conversation to maximise the development of a kid ‘s intrapsychological operation. In this procedure, the grownup controls the elements of the undertaking that are beyond the kid ‘s ability all the piece increasing the outlooks of what the kid is able to make. Dewey non merely re-imagined the manner that the acquisition procedure should take topographic point, but besides the function that the instructor should play within that procedure. Harmonizing to Dewey, the instructor should non b e one to stand at the forepart of the room doling out spots of information to be absorbed by inactive pupils. Alternatively, the instructor ‘s function should be that of facilitator and usher. As Dewey ( 1897 ) explains it: The instructor is non in the school to enforce certain thoughts or to organize certain wonts in the kid, but is at that place as a member of the community to choose the influences which shall impact the kid and to help him in decently reacting to these influences ( p. 9 ) . Therefore the instructor becomes a spouse in the acquisition procedure, steering pupils to independently discover intending within the capable country. This doctrine has become an progressively popular thought within contemporary instructor preparatory plans. Necessary conditions for effectual modeling: Attention – assorted factors increase or decrease the sum of attending paid. Includes peculiarity, affectional valency, prevalence, complexness, functional value. One ‘s features ( e.g. centripetal capacities, arousal degree, and perceptual set, past support ) affect attending. Retention – retrieving what you paid attending to. Includes symbolic cryptography, mental images, cognitive organisation, symbolic dry run, motor dry run Reproduction – reproducing the image. Including physical capablenesss, and self-observation of reproduction. Motivation – holding a good ground to copy. Includes motivations such as past ( i.e. traditional behaviorism ) , promised ( imagined inducements ) and vicarious ( seeing and remembering the strengthened theoretical account ) Motivation Theory, Having a Good Reason to Imitate, Socially Interact and Use Scaffolding to Make a Successful End Merchandise Ofsted ( 2002 ) besides found that utilizing ICT enhances a lessons intent, a statement evident in other studies ( Becta, 2010, EPI, 2004, Futurelab, 2010 ) . I observed that ICT offered students means to imagine success and possible end-points for their work. ( Q28 ) For students, ICT reinforced their apprehension of the intent of their authorship and that the terminal consequence is a show. Becta ( 2007 ) found positive facets such as the possible to make reliable texts for ‘real life ‘ intents and audiences provided a motivational and originative ‘hook ‘ for the students ( Becta, 2007 ) . ( Q25 ‘s ) Abstract constructs such as ocular literacy are exciting for the kids to research, and as ( Bamford, 2003 ) noted ocular images are prevailing signifier of communicating in the current digital society which kids can associate to. ( Q25b ) Modeling – First of wholly, â€Å" be what you want them to make! † This acitivty besides applied many theoreticians combined that believe existent life application and motive must be child centred. For illustration, How Children Learn by pedagogue John Holt, focuses on Holt ‘s interactions with immature kids, and his observations of kids larning that kids learn most efficaciously by their ain motive and on their ain footings. More intircatly the planning did non take to entirely actuate the kids, life is shown to be a important tool for kids as it features and uses many theories to derive the kids ‘s involvement and initiate attending. John Kellers ARCS Model of Motivational Design proposed that attending can be gained in two ways: stimulates wonder by presenting disputing inquiries or jobs to be solved.or to utilize surprise or unsteadily to derive involvement through novel, surprising, incongruous, and unsure events. Animation is a proved method for catching the scholars ‘ attending as it includes two really cardinal thoughts lar ning through experience, i.e. active engagement, hands-on methods, to acquire scholars involved with the topic and variableness resources that account for single differences in larning manners and let a assortment of methods in showing stuff. Again within Kellers ARCS theoretical account utilizing life stimulates relevancy for the activity, ensured as the kids knew they were traveling to watch the picture on the large hall screen, to increase a scholar ‘s motive. Using schemes to foreground the successful result, induced motive to finish a good terminal undertaking, one kid inquiring if twelvemonth 6 were traveling to see it. They could see the nexus between composing their ain narratives and doing their tale reliable. Visually life was easy for younger kids to conceive of the terminal consequence and how they were larning something utile, without them being cognizant of the true larning aim of vaocabulary and narrative construction. To a grade the life undertaking and the ind efinable power of ICT to redact for kids meatn they became cognizant of the kineticss of accomplishment, hazard pickings, power, and association. This powerful scheme of Choice, utilizing the scaffolding kids were assured the ability to utilize different methods to prosecute their work or leting pick in how they organize it. The ARCS theoretical account so moves onto assurance, and understanding their likeliness for success, by utilizing scaffolding success was inevitable, all kids knew they could accomplish the result, increasing their assurance and even those necessitating more support were discreetly directed utilizing scaffolding to go an expert. As I had specifically introduced a significance for the work the and the usage of ICT scaffolding provided kids the most hard motivational tool – Satisfaction. Learning must be honoring or fulfilling in some manner, whether it is from a sense of accomplishment, congratulations from a superior, or mere amusement. Make the scholar feel as though the accomplishment is utile or good by supplying chances to utilize freshly acquired cognition in a existent scene. Evaluation OF LESSON Many research workers even recognition him with the influence of Project Based Learning ( PBL ) which places pupils in the active function of research workers. DISCUSS, CHILDREN MOTIVATION SCAFFOLD POISTIVE MORE Evaluation Children learn best when they are non pressured to larn in a manner that is of no involvement to them. For illustration, the first thing all pedagogues should make is measure which type of multiple intelligence pupils ‘ possess and Teach and measure them separately on the footing of this. Provide aims and prerequisites – Aid pupils estimate the chance of success by showing public presentation demands and rating standards. Guarantee the scholars are cognizant of public presentation demands and appraising standards. Allow for success that is meaningful. Turn the Learners – Allow for little stairss of growing during the learning procedure. Feedback – Provide feedback and support internal ascriptions for success. Learner Control – Learners should experience some grade of control over their acquisition and appraisal. They should believe that their success is a direct consequence of the sum of attempt they have put Forth. Provide feedback and support. When scholars appreciate the consequences, they will be motivated to larn. Satisfaction is based upon motive, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Do non sponsor the scholar by over-rewarding easy undertakings. How to cite Case study digital storytelling, Free Case study samples

Plowing UP New Soil with World Agriculture Essay Example For Students

Plowing UP New Soil with World Agriculture Essay Plowing UP New Soil with World Agriculture Essay Since agriculture began to be developed nearly 10,000 years ago, people throughout the world have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals, and domesticated and bred them (Early Civilization). Today, people go to the market or grocery store to pick up cereal, rice, bread, meat, fruit, vegetables, and olives. People hardly ever think of where the food generally comes from. Most of the food that is found in the grocery store wouldnt be possible without world agriculture. Farming used to be primarily a family enterprise and to a large extent still is in most countries. In the more developed areas, however, more efficient large-scale operations are overtaking the smaller family farms. These large farms usually specialize in one crop or one type of crop and often are run by giant parent cooperations. Such farms are part if the current trend toward more controlled and cost-effective agriculture. The goal in agriculture has almost always been increased production and decreased labor (Early Civilization). In the early 1900s the American farm, for example, was run by the muscles of people of draft animals. Today machines of great size and complexity accomplish in hours what took many of those people and animals days to complete (Timelines of the Ancient World). There are still family farmers similar to those of the earlier era in the most industrialized nations, but they are becoming fewer every year. There are also small-scale systems in many emerging nations of the world. But the trend almost everywhere is toward larger farms that are mechanized and utilize the latest scientific agricultural methods to provide products more effectively. In the mid-1990s, 48 percent of the worlds labor force was employed in agriculture. The distribution ranged from 61 percent of the economically active population in Asia to less than 23 percent in the United States and Canada. In Africa the figure was 60 percent; in South America 20 percent; and in Europe, 9 percent. The farm size varies ubiquitously from region to region. In the 1990s the average for Canadian farms was about 654 acres per farm; for farms in the United States, 469 acres. By comparison, the average size of a single land holding in the Philippines was 6.5 acres. The size also depends on the purpose of the farm (Compton 95). Commercial farming, or production for cash, is usually on large equities. Single-crop plantations normally produce tea, rubber, and cocoa. Wheat farms are most competent when they comprise 1000s of acres and they can be managed by teams of people and machines. Livestock farms and Australian Sheep Stations must be immense enough to provide grazing for thousands of animals. The agricultural plots of Chinese communes and the cooperative farms held by Peruvian communities and other necessarily large agricultural units, as well as were the farms that were operated and owned by state employees in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Much of the foreign exchange earned by a single country may be derived from a discrete agricultural commodity; for example, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Sri Lanka relies on tea, Australia in wool, and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products. In the United States, wheat, corn, and soybeans have become major foreign exchange commodities in recent decades. Each individual country has an importance as an exporter of agricultural products relying on many factors. Among them is the possibility that the country is too small developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quality on technical sophistication. Some agricultural exporters include Ghana, with cocoa, and Myanmar (Burma), with rice. However, a well-developed country may produce surpluses that are not needed by its own population; for example the United States, Canada, and some Western European countries (Compton 95). Because each nation depends on agriculture not only for food but for national income and raw materials for industry as well, trade in agriculture is a continuing international concern. It is governed by international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and by trading regions such as the European Community. Jimmy Carter Essay The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations .

Demography Lab Report Sample

Demography Lab Report Paper Patterns of survival vary depending upon the environment. Age is also an important component for many populations because fecundity and survivorship frequently vary with age. Humans are one species whose fecundity and survivorship are affected by age and the environment. One way that biologists attempt to distinguish patterns in survivorship rates is to use a life tables. Life tables permit them to keep track of how long different parts of the population have lived. A life table can also be used to predict the probability of the survival of an individual at any given time interval (Biological Science). A cemetery is an excellent place to study human demography. Gravestones are marked with the date of birth and date of death of a deceased person. From this information one can calculate death rates and draw survivorship curves for the population. A survivorship curve is a graphical representation of the chance that an individual will survive from birth to any age (Biological Science). By comparing and contrasting survivorship curves for different time periods, one may look for historical trends in demography over a period of time. Methods We assumed that all the individuals had similar living situations. According to the data, more individuals died between the ages of 55-65 Based on the demographic data from this lab, multiple conclusions may be drawn. Living conditions were probably far worse in the past. This causes death and birth rates to go down because of disease. Which causes the population size to decrease. There might have also been diseases affecting older people, which could explain why that range of ages had the most individuals dying at that age. We will write a custom essay sample on Demography Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Demography Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Demography Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Depletion of Ozone Layer essays

Depletion of Ozone Layer essays The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These precusor pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollutio n have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite w ...

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

International Law - Essay Example International law is based on expediency between nations and contracts, as in treaties or trade agreements that operate formally on an international level between countries and their citizens mutually. In addition to these types of expedient agreements, there exists also a corpus of idealistic international law that is best represented by international organizations and their membership charters, as well as the declarations of human rights and other specific rights of women, children, and minorities that these constituencies have produced. When asking whether or not international law is really law, the question revolves around the actual legitimacy of the process through which these agreements were created, via legislature or counsel of a minority of representatives from a select group of nations, but more specifically, as to whether any legitimate structures exist that can comply adherence to the standards of international law through enforcement measures. In summary, the main aspec t of the question goes to the heart of enforceability in international law, and whether the sovereignty of the nation-state as it relates to domestic autonomy can ever be overcome by organizations like the UN. As M.W. Janis wrote in Introduction to International Law, â€Å"There is a root problem faced by those who practice international law. The problem is so fundamental that it is often assumed rather than analyzed. It stems from the fact that the world is broken up into tens of independent nation-states, each purporting to provide certain essential human services - e.g. defense-education, law, more or less exclusively to the people living within that state's boundaries. Insofar as a nation-state is thought to alone provide such services, we think of it as sovereign. The nation-state political system and the notion of sovereignty impact on most every aspect of human activity. Look at their effect on the idea of law. Taken to an absolute point, the notion of sovereignty might impl y that the only extant laws were those of nation-states.†1 In simplest terms, the violation of the borders of one nation-state by another is considered an act of war. International law governs the legality of invasions and self-defence among nations based in agreement such as the Geneva Conventions and other treaties on the use of weapons. It is regarded as paradoxical to apply law to war, even in the conduct of armies, as technically war is a state emergency and a fight for survival where both sides may be expected to do anything to win militarily. As history recognizes that the victor will determine the way the terms of the battle are recorded for posterity, it also acknowledges that the winning side in war will dictate the terms of the peace to the defeated. Furthermore, political regimes change domestically, and international law is as full of broken treaties as civil law is of broken contracts. Yet, people rarely ask if contract law really exists in the same manner that t hey question international law. For the most part, this is due to the fact that civil courts are recognized authorities in society, and their ability to enforce contract law is taken for granted, or understood within an expectation of risk management. The lack of supra-national authority with the powers of

Social Media Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media Network - Essay Example cial media are both an opportunity and a threat. Not going away. Very important, probably will become even more so. [153 Words] Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media and evaluate its importance in today’s society. The twenty first century is characterised by a very fast pace of life, and the proliferation of information technology. The age of industrialisation and manufacturing has given way to a postmodern age of globalisation where in Western developed countries there is an emphasis on service industries. The whole of society has now become networked in multiple different ways. (Castells, 1999). Computers are the tools of this new trade, and while some people in the world are reaping great benefits from this technological revolution, there are millions who through poverty and exclusion cannot participate in the new wave of social media which is taking over the world. This paper examines how social media, such as facebook, flickr, youtube, and twitter are a ffecting human relations in many ways, looking first and the advantages they offer and secondly the inherent disadvantages. There are four main advantages in social media, namely maintaining relationships with friends and family; forging new relationships, which can include buying and selling things, playing games, meeting people through dating sites etc; facilitating work and education tasks, by using social media to gather information, make connections with experts, or collaborate on tasks; and above all there is a huge potential for the formation of common interest groups including those which promote particular leisure pursuits, hobbies, political parties, religion or any other subject. All of these possibilities enrich the range of connections that an individual makes, and have the potential bring concrete benefits to daily life, especially for people who are lonely, disabled, housebound, or just in need of friendship. Similarly, there are a number of disadvantages associated w ith social media including the possibility of deception, since people on social media sites are unknown and may provide false information or act with malicious intent; social media can be very distracting, and even addictive, especially when conveyed over mobile devices like the iphone; they entail a loss of privacy, and in some situations a loss of self-respect, since items placed on social media sites can often not be removed, leaving a lasting legacy for others to see, and finally they offer a kind of substitute for real human relationships and this can be a huge disappointment to people who invest too much hope in social media. Some of the disadvantages of social media are quite subtle, as for example was predicted back in the 1960s by theorists who pointed out that â€Å"the medium is the message† (McLuhan, 1964, pp. 7-20) , which means that the way we relate to technology causes us to take in hidden messages which in turn change the way we see the world, and indeed ours elves. When using social media, people can adopt any identity they wish, and can experiment so widely that they lose touch with their own

Consumption Behaviour of Students

Consumption Behaviour of Students Chapter One Introduction 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1.1 Consumption Behaviour Definition If it is said that marketing in true sense is the conclusion of social culture of post modern consumer culture (Firat, 1993) then an immense burden and responsibility has been imposed to determine the conditions and meanings of life for the future (Firat and Venkatesh, 1993). This life which is dealing with meeting unlimited demands with limited resources in hand and planning to secure future by making savings. So keeping this in view the consumption by individuals is really critical to full fill the needs and to secure the future. So in view of this consumption is definitely a focal point of present social and economic world. And that consumption in return definitely triggers a primary marketing concern of probability to repurchase a product regardless of its type (Peter Olson, 1990). Although consumption is as old as human history and has passed through plenty of phases but even in todays world the repurchase of items is the core priority of sellers. No matter that repurchase is o f basic necessity item or luxury product or whether it is matter of mobile connection or someone is talking about E-Banking or it is making flight reservation, every company tried its level best that a consumer should repeatedly purchase its product. The definition of consumption given by Peter and Olson (1990) is â€Å"use of product.† Peter and Olson (1990) are also of the opinion that it is not easy to define or to comprehend the meaning of consumption as there is a vast difference in the nature of various products and services. Even in this age of Information Technology and Globalization era the meaning of product (includes both goods and services) varies from culture to culture and it keeps on changing from one country to another. If a commodity or service is considered as necessity in one region, in other part of the world it may be categorized as luxury. But despite all these limitations researchers and authors still gave some comprehensive and compact definition of consumption. The idea of consumption defined by Webb (1993) in the following words â€Å"Consumption is the evaluating, buying, using and disposing of  products and services.† But like other fields of study this topic also remained under debate by variety of scholars and researchers in all parts of the world. The word of consumption attracted the attention of researchers and marketers who kept on trying to comprehend the meanings of this idea of â€Å"consumption†. While reviewing books and literature another good and wide-range definition of consumption given by Caru and Cova (2007) in the following words â€Å"Consumption is an activity that involves a production of meaning,  as well as field of symbolic exchanges.† The author elaborates this definition by mentioning that consumers do not consume products but they consume the image and meanings associated with the product and they think that it is mandatory that an object or services should fulfil certain functions. Those functions should meet and better to exceed customers expectation. If it failed to meet their anticipation then they will drop the idea of repurchase of that particular product or in case of services they will avoid to consume or avail that particular service. Simultaneously it is also said that consumption behaviour also refers to single use of a product like a soft-drink can or one can consume a product repeatedly like mobile phone or automobile. This concept of consumption behaviour also covers the issue of disposing off a product ( (Noel, 2009). Like in case of soft drink can or other single used items a general trend emerged over a period of time is that customers prefer those products whose packaging is reusable or can be recycled. But in case of mobile, automobiles, computers customers often sell those products after making multiple use of it. Consumption deals with the variety of question as it is mentioned by Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) like what to buy, when to buy, why to buy, from where to buy, how frequently they should buy, and the question of evaluation that purchase. Simultaneously the impact of evaluation on future purchase and disposing it off are also two important concerns of consumer. 1.1.2 Types of Consumption Schifman and Kanuk (2007) also highlighted two different kinds of consuming entities which deal with the consumption behaviour. The first term is personal consumption which can be defined as when good or services are bought for personal use , for household consumption or to exchange it with someone in shape of a gift. In the mentioned contexts the products are brought for final use by individuals who are referred as end users or ultimate consumers. The second category of consumers is termed as organizational consumption. It includes purchases made by profit and non-profit businesses, government agencies, and institution, all of which must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organizations. Although both mentioned categories are of great importance but in this writing my main objective will be personal consumption. As consumption by end user is the most pervasive of all types of consumer behaviour as it involves every individual, of every age and background, in the role of either customer or user or both (Schifman and Kanuk 2007). It has been revealed from prior consumer spending studies that individuals consume in a specific way and that particular consumption behaviour is in practice due to certain factors like life style, self-image, upbringing and family structure (Martin Bush, 2000; Penman McNeill, 2008). There are some other factors which influence the Consumption Behaviour of young consumers which are parents and grandparents (McNeal 1997), parents income (Page Ridgway, 2001) and parents decision making style (Jay 2005; Elder, 1969). The mentioned factors highlighted the multi-dimensional role of parents. But the role of brands (Page Ridgway, 2001; Doston Hyatt, 2005; Bacca, 2005), consumer socialization (Razak 2003; Gil 2007; Gronhoj, 2007) and advertising (Bacca, 2005; Spero, 2004) may also not be neglected. 1.1.3. World Consumption Statistics The word â€Å"consumption† is synonym to â€Å"spending† or â€Å"expenditure†. So using this synonym, in order to quantify the consumer consumption into US $ following table best explains consumption in different parts of the world. The mentioned figures are for the year 2009. From the above table it can be easily inferred that consumers spend US $ 34,050 billion on mentioned below categories. This amount when converted in trillion it becomes almost US $ 34 trillion. This huge spending is almost 11 times more than USA total budget figure which was exactly 3.1 Trillions (http://www.whitehouse.govt, 2009). So this huge consumption creates my interest to study the factors which are reason of this huge spending. From the above table it is evident that consumer consumption in Asia Pacific is at number 3. Such a high consumption is of great interest for not only academicians but also for marketers. 1.1.4. Malaysian Public university students Consumption Behaviour According to Ministry of Higher Education website (accessed on 2011) there are total twenty public and twenty four private universities in Malaysia. The total enrolment according to MOHE (2007) in public universities is 382,997 Out of this total number 247,881 students which becomes almost 65% registered in undergraduate degree programs. It is consensus by Li, Jiang, An, Shen and Jin (2009) Komarraju, Karau and Ramayah (2007), Penman and McNeill (2008) and Feltham (1998) all are agreed that Young Consumers who are also called as Geberation Y are students. It is also agreed that young consumers fall within the age bracket of 18-24 years. As fas as Malaysia is concerned the total population of Malaysian Youngsters in 2007 was around 5 million which was almost 19% of total Malaysian population (Euromonitor International, 2010). Zainurin, Ahmed and Ghingold (2007) focus on the Malaysian young consumers attitude towards shopping malls. It is highlighted by the authors that Young Malaysian s spent a significant proportion of their monthly expenditures in shopping malls. The sources of income highlighted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) are scholarship or study loan, sponsored by parents, self sponsored and others. But Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) mentioned that the major proportion of spending by young consumers is on clothes, make-up, food, sports equipment and entertainment. In the same article Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) discussed young consumers consultation with parents and concluded that Chinese young consumers as compare to Malay are less likely to interact with their parents. But in case of Indians they are more likely to interact with their parents and less likely to interact with peers in consumption matters. But it will be of great interest to find out that what is consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. As it is mentioned in a report compiled by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2004/2005) Malaysian households spent their high percentage of income on food, groceries and personal care items. But less had been researched on consumption behaviour of young consumers in Malaysia. The Malaysian young consumers is now well aware of products as they are more exposed to Information Technology. Their information due to frequent use of internet along various other factors like socialization, advertising, etc. establishes good awareness of marketing strategies among them. This trend of spending by Malaysian young consumer needs to be further explored. 1.2. Problem Statement As it is mentioned earlier that according to Euromonitor International 2010 the Malaysian Generation Y is about 5 million in 2007. This is also evident from above discussion that Generation Y has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005; Hongjun, 2006; XU, 2007; Henrie Taylor, 2009) to spend on variety of products. So keeping in view, the above mentioned facts Generation Y is a lucrative market for producers. Obviously their consumption behaviour is influenced by different factors and variables. It should be interesting to explore the main contributors towards consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y. The industry like electronics, telecom, consumer products etc. whether fulfil their requirements or do they still fail to meet this Malay Generation Y expectations. It is really of great concern to study that the consumer skills or knowledge which they acquire during their childhood and teenage whether lasts with them for long time or does it keeps on changing during their adulthood. So through this study, I intend to highlight the factors and variables that influence the consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y, which is relatively under-researched in Malaysia. 1.3. Study Objectives The general objective of this research proposal is: To identify general consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program. Whereas under the light of primary objective following are other objectives which will be achieved: To explore differences in the consumption behaviour among the three communities Malay, Chinese and Indians. To determine factors that influence consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university undergraduate students. To prepare recommendation for developing marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students. 1.4. Research Questions RQ. 1. What is the consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program? RQ. 2. What are the differences in consumption behaviour among all three communities i.e. Malay, Chinese and Indians? RQ. 3. How significant each factor in influencing consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students? RQ. 4. What are good recommendations to develop marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students? 1.5. Significance of the Study It has been estimated by US Census Bureau (2010) that more than 17 % of total world population falls within the age bracket of 15-24 years. This age bracket is about 1.14 billion and it was mentioned by Xu (2007) that this age bracket is wealthiest group. As far as Malaysia is concerned, according to Euromonitor International (2010) the population among this age bracket was 5 million in 2007 which became almost 19% of total population. This age bracket normally are part of universities. It is mentioned by Walsh and Mitchell (2005) that education improves analytical skill so through this study I intend to study the students registered in variety of educational degrees from certification/diploma to PhD programs so that their consumption behaviour can be explored. This particular group has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005; Hongjun, 2006; XU, 2007;Henrie Taylor, 2009) as compare to the generation of parents and grandparents. Simultaneously they have less saving spirit as compare to Generation X. To study the consumption behaviour of Generation Y is of great interest as most of the Malaysian studies conducted in shopping malls and authors always studied the way this age group shop. In addition to this they are always studied by combining with teensor tweens. So through this study I will solely study consumption behaviour of Malaysian Generation Y. 1.5.1. Academic Perspective So far lot of studies had been conducted about the behaviour and attitude of Malaysian consumers in shopping malls like grocery shopping by Miranda and Jegasothy, a study of Malaysians behaviour in shopping malls conducted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) etc. But I failed to find any study which is solely targeting Malaysian young consumers. There are studies where main focus was exploring single variable like television viewing by Ghani (2004), culture studied in context of service quality by Kueh and Voon (2007), ethics in consumption studied by Chai and Lung (2009). In the light of above mentioned facts the main focus of this study will be consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. The study will be a food for thought for academicians which will further enhance the existing body of knowledge on the consumption behaviour of young Malaysian consumers. The significance of factors that influence consumption behaviour of young consumers definitely opens new horizons and helps the researchers to broaden the scope from studying attitudes of young consumers in shopping malls to the general consumption of Malaysian young consumers. 1.5.2. Industry Perspective Young consumers are always a great mystery for producers of products. It is really challenging to fulfil their fast changing taste, needs and choices. This study will definitely give a more coherent and clear picture of the factors that influence young Malaysian consumers consumption behaviour. Through this study it will be explored that how Malaysian Generation Y undergo the four steps mentioned in the definition of consumption behaviour which are pre-purchase evaluation, finalizing and making purchase of product, using of product and disposing off product. Through this study the consumption behaviour among three ethnic groups of Malaysia will be explored so that a clear and specific distinction of consumption behaviour among these three groups can be researched which will definitely useful for marketers for developing marketing strategies. Chapter two 2.1. Literature Review For this study I would like to start my discussion by highlighting the importance of marketing. 2.1.1 Marketing and its Importance In Forbes it is mentioned by Trout (2006) that it has been long ago that Peter Drucker, the father of business consulting, made a very profound observation that has been lost in the sands of time which is: Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has twoand only twobasic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, unique function of the business. This concept of marketing is far beyond offering and creating of products and services. Its a matter of customer creation. It deals that how relationship can be established with customer and the ways through which these relationships can be strengthen. It also addresses to certain other critical issues like; How a loyal customer can be created? How product inclusive of goods and services can be innovated? Before discussing this concept in detail it is better to present certain definitions of marketing: Marketing in the words of Kotler, Armstrong, Ang, Leong, Tan, Hon-Ming (2009): â€Å"The process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer realtionships in order to capture value from customers in return.† Another definition of Marketing given by American Marketing Association mentioned by Cooper and Schindler (2006) is: â€Å"It is an organizational function and a set of processes forcreating, communicating and delivering value to customers and formanaging customer relationships in ways that benefits the organizationand its stake holders† Aaker, Kumar and Day (2001) define marketing in the following words: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The marketing concept requires customer satisfaction rather than profit maximization. It is evident from all mentioned definitions that customer is the main focus of each producer and service provider. As it is highlighted by Levitt in 1960 that industry should focus customer- satisfaction process rather than a goods producing process. He emphasized that all producers should understand this philosophy as industry begins with the customers and his/her needs not with the patents or copyrights, neither it starts with raw material or a selling skill. The idea which was presented around 50 years back is still valid and nowadays this main issue is a core concern by all the companies. The Druckers philosophy about business enterprise is very well comprehend by saying that marketing and innovation are two basic functions of business. The idea of marketing keeps on emphasizing that how customers confidence can be won. The companies from USA to Australia, the organizations operating in Africa, the enterprises offering their products in Asia Pacific and regardless of product variety as well as geographic location all are trying hard to satisfy the fast ever changing consumer needs, wants and requirements. Peter and Olson (2008) highlighted that companies are making changes to serve their customers. They have highlighted three reasons of these changes. The first reason of bringing the changes is the dramatic success of Japanese companies such as Toyota and Sony who give ample attention to their consumers and give them value-laden [5] products. This idea spurred other companies philosophies and influence them to prioritize customers taste, needs and wants. The second major reason is the dramatic increase in the quality of consumers and marketing research. In the past although companies conduct surveys and receive feedback from customers which was occasional and not so frequent. But today Information Technology made it easy for retailers and manufacturers to keep the track of customer reactions towards product and services. The third main reason of prioritizing customers taste is the development of internet as marketing tool. As internet is a tool to through which information about products can be shared with vast majority. 2.1.2. Consumer Behaviour Variety of writers like Kotler (2008), Engel, Black and Miniard (1995), Mclver and Naylor (1986), mentioned that understanding and adapting to customer motivation and behaviour is not an option but it is life blood for the survival of companies in this modern world. And this term or subject bring tremendous change in organizational set up. According to McNeal (1982, p. 8) â€Å"consumer behaviour is the preparation for purchase, the purchase act and the use and disposal of those things purchased.† McNeal (1982) also highlighted the three stages for the act of consuming which are (1) pre purchase behaviour, (2) purchase behaviour, (3) post purchase behaviour. The author mentioned that most of the time researchers or writers overlook pre purchase behaviour but that is the stage which cannot and should not be overlooked. While defining â€Å"consumer† author elaborated that consumer is the person who undergo through all mentioned three stages for his benefit or for the benefit of others. So in consumer behaviour the three stages mentioned by McNeal (1982) are integral. And whenever a consumer spends money whether on good or on services he/she has to undergo these three stages. Another definition of consumer behaviour given by East (1997) â€Å"consumer behaviour is about human responses in a commercial world; how and why people buy and use products (include both goods and services), how they react to prices and other promotional tools and what underline mechanisms operate to help and hinder consumption.† 2.1.3. Consumer Behaviour: Bridge the Gap between Producer and Consumer Above mentioned definitions, considered the discipline of Consumer Behaviour as a bridge between producers and customers/consumers. Like commercial world where producers advertise and share the information about the products they are offering to the market and response shown by the customers or consumers can be positive or negative. The positive response of the customer or consumers resulted in the shape of increasing sales, revenue for the company, satisfaction and trust on a particular or all products by a company. But a negative attitude can be like not purchasing the product of a company, shown distrust or sharing negative beliefs about a companys product to others. Simultaneously, the definition also shed light on another important aspect help to study the mechanisms, behaviour or attitude of customers or consumers under the influence of which they stop buying the product or any change in the attitude of customers/consumers towards a product. After discussing the definitions of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour one thing is evident that creation of value for producers and marketers are of core concern. This creation of value is integral and most critical phenomenon for marketers. Value is defined by the customer not by the supplier in the factory or it can also be defined that value is not what the producer puts in but what the customers get out (Khalifa, 2004). So this creation of value should be addressed and deal professionally as if it fail to meet or exceed customers satisfaction than he/she will jump to alternate or competitor. 2.2. Consumption Behaviour in Different parts of The World Consumption is lifeblood of each individual. Consumption can be termed as a process or a phase through which each and every individual of each nation has to undergo (Raijas, Lehtinen, Leskinen, 2010; Kamaruddin Mokhlis, 2003) or consumption is a mean to express and create self identity (Phau Woo, 2008) or consumption is ruled by sports celebrities (Dix, Phau, Pougnet, 2010). So a lot of factors that influence consumption are researched, studied and comprehended in variety of studies. How individuals undergo consumption in different parts of the world are mentioned below: 2.2.1. Consumption Behaviour: American and Canadian Perspective It is highlighted by Moschis and Churchill (1978) that early sociologists speculated that young people learn most of the basics of consumption from their parents. It is interestingly a very valid fact even in this age of information technology and in this world which is called as global village. Parents are still considered as the most valuable, reliable and modest source of knowledge regarding consumption behaviour. Even young consumers not only consider them as ready source of knowledge but even when young consumers start living alone they still consult their parents whenever they have to make any purchases. It was highlighted by Feltham (1998) that primary groups have stronger influence on consumption. Parents are one of the most strongest part of this primary group. Generally it has been observed, researched and mentioned that generally parents are considered as strongest and comprehensive source of knowledge and they have greater influence on the consumption behaviour of their d escendents. Felthams (1998) finding that males are less likely to discuss about consumption with parents and if they do they receive lesser reinforcement but this trend is quite opposite in case of females where they openly and comfortably discuss about consumption with parents and simultaneously they receive positive feedback as well. This finding of Feltham (1998) is consistent with Moschis, Moore and Smiths (1983) results. It is mentioned by Clark, Martin and Bush (2001) that parents are role models for their children in consumption and the way parents educate their children about consumption, brand and other spending activities it lasts with them for quite a long time. 2.2.2 Consumption Behaviour: European Perspective It is highlighted by Rolfe (2005) that young consumers in UK are living with their parents and they are provided with all the necessities but the parents of this Generation Y has more disposable income as compare to the generation of 1960s and 1970s. On the basis of this factor Generation Y are more interested in Branded and expensive items. This fact is highlighted and mentioned by Gronhoj (2007). Both positive and negative experiences teach young people how to direct their future decisions on spending. At the same time, they learn that good intentions can be lost to temptation, and consumer goods and/or services may not be rationally controllable. According to Gil, Andres and Salinas (2007) repetitive consumption of brand establish a loyalty of brand among children and it last with them even when they start living alone. They stick to that brand and loyal to its features. It also mentioned that memories associated with that brand also stopped them from switching the brand. It is fact mentioned by Gil, Andres, and Salinas (2007) that when young consumers start living alone they carry the experience of consumption with them which they learn while living with their parents. They take the same learned consumption behaviour with them which is shown by their parents and which they experience during their stay with their family. As per Gronhoj (2007) young consumers not only spend increasing amounts of money on consumer goods but they exert considerable influence on the consumption choices of the rest of the family. Media through advertisement also shape up the consumption behaviour of these young consumers. Bravo, Fraj and Martinez (2007) highlighted that whenever young consumers faces some new consumption situation which they never encounter earlier they contact their parents. In most of the cases parents kept on giving them suggestions even when they start living alone. It is also realised that young consumers consult their parents more frequently when they start living alone than during their cohabitation. Even the product quality is also dependent of the parents usage, suggestion and recommendation. Schloffer, Maloles III and Chia (2009) mentioned that Generation Y is very well informed generation. They start using computer, internet and other electronic gadgets from the early part of their lives which not only enhance their knowledge for products but also it polishes their thinking capabilities. Internet is a tool for them who helped them in making purchase decisions. They are brand conscious and fashion oriented generation. But simultaneously they are criticised as poor financial planner and considered as they have very low financial skills. In Finland it has been noted and written by Raijas, Lehtinen and Leskinen (2010) that technological and economical institutions facilitate and encourage consumption by offering credit to consumers. These financial institutions are offering credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, etc. Young consumers are availing these credits facilities mainly for two reasons: one is for setting up their own homes and secondly they want to raise their social status. Consumption on mentioned factors leads this Generation Y towards increase their consumption and in some cases this consumption is more than their income which becomes critical and have adverse impact of the countrys economy. Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) mentioned that in some countries and culture the show off becomes trend and people especially young consumers showed it in their consumptions. They purchase products which are classified as speciality products so that they can have separate identity and considered as status oriented and fashion driven. But in countries like France it is the culture that money and possessions should be kept in secrecy. It is also mentioned by Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) that in case of dislocated families young consumers heavily rely on peer communications and media. In this case the important role of parental communication about consumption is missing and these young inexperienced consumers may lead towards excess consumption. 2.2.3. Consumption Behaviour: Asian Perspective According to Hongjune (2005) young consumers always try to experience new things. They are very experiential and innovative. When they are associated to a group of friends then their liking and disliking should be aligned with their peers. If they failed to do so then they have feeling that they will be dropped by their peers. Even in purchasing products they are very careful about the groups opinion with regard to the brand, colour, and features of product. Simultaneously in Singapore it is mentioned by Hongjune (2005) that Generation Y of Singapore has seven pockets. Parents, grandparents from maternal and paternal side and now part time work is also considered as respectable source of income. The income from part time work is sometimes saved but most of the time it has been observed that they kept of spending and the saving spirit is not like their parents or grandparents. Hsu and Chang (2006) on the basis of findings by Moschis and Churchill (1978) mentioned that socialization has an enormous impact on the consumption behaviour of individuals. There are three important and integral socialization agents which are parents, peers and media. Among these three parents are considered as one of the most critical and